Unreal shadow distance

Unreal shadow distance

equals to 10, and everything works well. Nov 9, 2019 · Shadow Filter Sharpen 1. Join Our Discord: https://discord. 03. Steps An overview of using Mesh Distance Fields to create dynamic soft area shadowing in Unreal Engine. Temporal. ScreenProbeGather. In the pic below you can see the desirable view of the camera with blurry and undefined shadows and the arrow is pointing to the desired shadow resolution. totem4d (totem4d) March 12, 2023, 1:47pm 1. 02 or 0. Shadow disappears at close distances. in project settings. For really distant shadows we either use baked shadows (Stationary light) or Ray traced Distance field shadows. 우선 모드 창으로 이동한 뒤 라이트 섹션에서 디렉셔널, 스포트, 포인트 라이트를 끌어 메인 뷰포트에 놓습니다 Jan 3, 2022 · Shadow disappears at close distances - Rendering - Epic Developer Community Forums. I was wondering if some can explain or how to setup the virtual shadow maps correctly, as I made a simple camera forward move and I recognized that the plant shadows suddenly appears at frame 43 before it’s not visible, I guess that’s because the distance from the camera is to far away maybe ? Jun 17, 2021 · General, UE5-0, unreal-engine. Apgar426 (Apgar426) September 2, 2022, 12:12am 12. You can see that sunlight starts in 100m from the train, but when I move it moves with me at constant distance. Increases shadow draw distance, but negatively affects shadow quality. Target is Directional Light Component. Target. Left, shadow casting enabled; Right, shadow casting disabled. I can set the Num Dynamic Shadow Cascades to anything between 0 and 10 as my r. Apr 30, 2021 · Distance field shadows are technically raytraced, but it’s not the same as the modern hardware raytracing that is in the engine and doesn’t require enabling “raytracing”. In older engine versions shadows would fade out very quickly when viewed from afar or at oblique camera angles like in an RTS game. However, by just lower… r. In the LOD settings, I tried to change the LOD Group to different method, like foliage. 1 Documentation. Nov 16, 2021 · I also played with the Cascaded Shadow Maps options, with the Dynamic Shadow Distance MovableLight. I can’t seem to get the light’s dynamic shadows working. The project uses Nanite and Lumen. -Disabling cull distance within the foliage settings. Distribution Exponent 4. 27. 0. When the camera is moved further away or at certain angles the shadow will “fade away” until it there it is no longer darkened at all. But if you referred to distance field raytraced shadows then they are not supported. MinResolution r. 16. Default Value: 0. can’t figure out why it is happening. When Distance Field Shadows are enabled, anything beyond the set value for Cascaded Shadow Map Distance will be shadowed using Distance Fields. SoLiDioS (SoLiDioS) June 23, 2018, 8:21am 1. You will have LOD 0, LOD 1, etc. Feb 7, 2015 · If you changed your meshes to movable, this means they need their light source to cast a dynamic shadow. Nov 27, 2020 · The Unreal Engine VR Guidelines mentions that cascading shadows are better: But the docs for ‘Using Distance Field Shadows’ says that it performs better than cascading shadows. I’m making a movie and move the camera across the city so it’s a problem for me. RadiusThreshold To address this, Unreal Engine has an alternate rendering path for mobile devices. Then to reconstruct the shadow at runtime, simply scale and bias the distance into the May 8, 2017 · Distance Field Shadows are not working at all for me. Static shadows are free as far as rendering goes, but dynamic shadows can be one of the biggest drains on performance. Virtual. It seems as though when I overlap the collision box I have setup, the shadows show correctly and when I move away from the collision box it disappears. On the meshes, the Far Shadow is enabled. ContactShadowLength but default value is 0. How to see shadows from distant objects Let’s say you’re making a big city or a large open world landscape, and you have a large feature in the far distance that should be casting a shadow. Culling 0. Yet I don’t know how to change them, I tried to When Distance Field Shadows are enabled, anything beyond the set value for Cascaded Shadow Map Distance will be shadowed using Distance Fields. Have you tried: r. In addition, even with additional shadow cascades the shadows may not be as high-resolution as they would be with a lower Dynamic Shadow Distance. In the comparison using both CSM and RTDF shadowing, the CSM shadow is set to 1,000 CM (centimeters), which allows for sharp shadowing near the camera with lots of added detail. camtech (camtech) January 3, 2022, 8:00am 1. 26. * Get OpenLand: https://bit. Distance field shadows are based off of a recent paper on alpha tested magnification (by Valve Software. I’ve attached a sample project. I read these documentations, but didn’t help to solve my problem. Well I am so happy to announce that the feature Far Shadows now addresses this matter! This option allows for inset shadows to be used on movable objects lit by stationary lights. The features listed below are supported on mobile platforms: Linear HDR lighting. Click for full image. In your static mesh parameters, find Shadow section → Advanced, then look for “Cast far shadow”. I’ve begun to experiment with Jan 15, 2022 · I’ve messed around with all the r. I have a terrain and I was able to disable any LOD / billboards from the trees using foliage. When Dynamic Shadow Distance is very large (currently > 8000), this option is forced off. In this Unreal Tips & Tricks video Sep 23, 2022 · An Explanation of Virtual Shadow Maps and Why they are causing serious performance hits in your Scene. The thing is, the shadows off the objects disappear when I’m a bit far from them, and than appear again when I’m close. I enabled Two-Sided Distance Field Generation. New Value. Can increase this value to improve shadow rendering visibility & quality. I’m wonder if I’m getting the terminologies mixes up, but I’m a bit lost. I have tried different commands from this thread, but none of them helps. I have the problem of a too small foliage shadow render distance here: 245147-shadows. In the Content Browser, start by selecting any Static Mesh asset and double-clicking to open the Static Mesh Editor. ' Mar 27, 2023 · NolisVanray (NolisVanray) March 27, 2023, 6:09pm 1. The rings are a translucent material while the body of the Nov 17, 2021 · My professor and I have tried everything we can think of including: -Baking light. 249K subscribers in the unrealengine community. Shadow. Enabling this will increase mesh build times and memory usage, and also requires you to restart the Unreal Editor for it to take effect. And its pretty working, but like the images below, when I decrease the Dynamic Shadow Distance, the nearest shadows are good, but Im creating a topdown game, so I didnt need a distant shadow, I only need a dynamic shadow for day cycle. Shadows Culling. JW3153 (JW3153) June 17, 2021, 11:28pm 1. Navigate to the Engine section and select Rendering. As you zoom in and out of the I would just like to disable shadow draw distance so that shadows would be fully drawn all the time. May 3, 2023 · A lower value of 0. terrain_shadows922×788 62. If you search for shadows in the properties on the directional light, towards the bottom you'll find far shadows. To enable Mesh Distance Fields for your project, click Edit on the Main menu and select Project Settings. Directional Lightmaps (Normal is taken into account). lumenscene. CSM: 8,000 Units - Good resolution, works with alpha masks for foliage, but not very sharp. May 29, 2022 · I saw an answer to this, it was to “change the shadow distance on the light” See attached image. Apr 16, 2015 · This will show you the distance field volume that is generated for each mesh in your scene. TomShannon (Tom Shannon) June 5, 2017, 8:45pm 3. Clipmaps are used to increase resolution further for Directional Lights. I tried to find a solution in the Internet, but it was useless. 1 Like. Notice how the Far Shadow Distance is set to 25,000 and the distance field shadows are set to 100,000. This rendering path uses simplified or performance-oriented models for many of Unreal's rendering features, such as shadows and textures, and it removes many unsupported post-processes. Far Shadow: 8,000 - 20,000 units - Separate cascade for distant landscape. Post processing volume set to none. HierarchicalScreenTraces. Aug 12, 2022 · When the camera distance (being driven by the SpringArm in the Blueprint) exceeds about 6500+ units all of the cast shadows seem to completely disappear or are not being rendered or registered. A problem arises when I want to Jun 23, 2018 · UE4, Lighting, question, unreal-engine. Thanks for the help, however, I have only 1 LOD and the cast shadow is checked. MaxResolution. 0. You can view these settings by opening the Project Settings window, select Rendering and locate the Culling section. Distance Field Shadows, also referred to as Distance Field Shadows, enables you to shadow at farther distances than traditional Cascaded Shadow Maps (CSM) with a Directional Light. Aug 13, 2020 · I’m doing a cinematic project (not a game) and I need the HIGHEST possible graphic fidelity, no matter if it takes several seconds per frame. The thing is, the shadows off the objects disappear when I’m a bit far from them, and than appear again when I’m close. This document covers the basics of the 4 types of shadow casting you can have in Unreal Engine 4. ค. When VSMs are enabled, they replace a variety of existing shadow methods in Unreal Engine: Stationary precomputed shadows, including 2D Distance Field and shadow factor "shadow maps" Pre-shadows; Per-object / inset shadows; Cascaded Shadow Maps (CSMs) Movable dynamic shadows for local lights Aug 10, 2022 · Wow, you’re right! The command is r. To enable contact shadows, set the Contact Shadow Length to a value greater than 0. Feb 23, 2018 · I’m using a pretty big - 8x8km - Landscape as a base for my level and a Directional Light to light it. as NJ. and i have this weird flickering shadow issue. Turn light movability to stationary, bake lighting and you should see sharp static shadows that are sampled from 2d distance field on mobile. Distance field shadows + analytical specular on the sun. Thank you, life savior…. png798×621 903 KB. FadeResolution r. I found out that you can increase ray traced shadow distance by calling r. 1 now i have opened back again in latest version Unreal 5. When VSMs are enabled, they replace a variety of existing shadow methods in Unreal Engine: Stationary precomputed shadows, including 2D Distance Field and shadow factor "shadow maps" Pre-shadows; Per-object / inset shadows; Cascaded Shadow Maps (CSMs) Movable dynamic shadows for local lights How far Cascaded Shadow Map dynamic shadows will cover for a movable light, measured from the camera. Target is Volumetric Cloud Component. 02. EddieChristian (EddieChristian) January 15, 2022, 10:34pm 2. It stands out most below the billboard on the wall. Feb 23, 2017 · Thanks. The other values are defaults. DoggyDog (DoggyDog) July 21, 2022, 11:25am 2. The Project Settings contains culling settings that affect the entirety of your project, such as support for Hardware Occlusion Queries, the screen size that lights should be culled, and more. Two. is it related to distance field shadows?I want to Ray Traced Distance Field Shadows enable you to generate high-quality soft shadow effects using 3D/volume textures, which store the nearest surface to a mesh Virtual Shadow Maps (VSMs) is the new shadow mapping method used to deliver consistent, high-resolution shadowing that works with film-quality assets and large, dynamically lit open worlds using Unreal Engine 5's Nanite Virtualized Geometry, Lumen Global Illumination and Reflections, and World Partition features. I found online about Distance field shadow, but I can’t seem to find any option to do so. You can even reduce it to 0, to gain even a little more distance (still weaker than RT shadows, but quite near regarding distance visibility). Enabling Distance Fields. … … Apr 16, 2023 · I want my directional light to not cast shadow on my terrain at a certain distance. I agree with ugmoe, with how close you are to the source object and how fast just that shadow is disappearing it Jul 16, 2020 · Hi, I’m using the mesh distances fields on in my settings. 2 KB. -Upping the cull distance to 500k+. Here are two images to show you how low the quality is: One. Click image for full size. Now, expand the Light section of the Details panel for your newly created Point Light Component by clicking on the expansion arrow. UE4-27, Shadows, UE5-0, question, unreal-engine. 0 or 5. -Forcing all LODs to 0. When the lights are selected, you can see how the distance of the attenuation radius affects the objects within its area and doesn't shadow objects outside of its reach. But I’m not figuring how is the settings I need to change to realize that. My engine is 4. Unreal Engine supports soft shadowing for characters in lit areas with Capsule Shadows using a capsule representation of a Skeletal Mesh from a Physics Asset. In General Settings I enabled the Generate Mesh Distance Field. DistanceThreshold = 850. I’m wondering the same thing. I can solve this problem! I just increase “Lumen scene view distance” in PostProcessVolume and shadows come back! That setting doesn’t work on Unreal Engine 5. Try changing your light source to ‘Stationary’ or ‘Movable’, this will In this test level for Fortnite, Cascaded Shadow Map (CSM) Dynamic Shadow Distance is 4,500 cm (centimeters) from the camera and when Distance Field Shadowing is enabled, they handle any shadowing beyond the CSM Shadow Distance. MaxCSMResolution=8192 ; Default=4096. This feature was used with the GDC Kite Demo to get shadows at further distances. CSM. 3. Can be increased to maintain quality with greater DistanceScale. Description. Shadows disappear when far away. Set Dynamic Shadow Distance Stationary Light. You can read the documentation here: Distance Field Soft Shadows in Unreal Engine | Unreal Engine 5. Set Shadow Tracing Distance. To set this go your post process volume settings and go to GLOBAL ILLUMINATION > LUMEN GLOBAL ILLUMINATION and set the MAX TRACE DISTANCE to a high value like 200,000 and see if that fixes it. The additional sections of this guide will cover specific properties for these light types. For exemple, if I have a mountain far away, I don’t want my light to cast light but rather have it completely dark, like a silhouette. MaxIterations 4, I also switched from Virtual Shadow Maps (Beta) to Virtual Shadow Maps but it didn’t work. 指向性ライトの場合、 Dynamic Shadow Distance 値を超える距離に対してディスタンス フィールド シャドウが有効にされます。 Fortnite 向けのこのテストレベルでは、Cascaded Shadow Map (CSM) Dynamic Shadow Distance の位置はカメラから 4500 cm (センチメートル) です。 The Issue. 2. To calculate shadowing, a ray is traced from the point being shaded through the scene's Signed Distance Fields (SDF) toward each light. 01 greatly increases shadow visibility at far camera distances (seems to have the most impact of all the console commands). See the first part of this post. Increase the number of cascades, and if you really have to, raise r. In the Static Mesh Settings section, set Generate Mesh Distance Fields to enabled. Unreal Engine 4. This determines whether the system will build Static Mesh Distance Fields, which can be used with Distance Field Shadows and Distance Field Ambient Occlusion. These will both have a huge impact on performance. This shadowing method grounds a character to the scene with soft area shadowing, especially in indirectly lit areas, which is not possible when using traditional shadow mapping techniques. DistanceScale 10000 and I was able to see the shadows bit Aug 11, 2019 · Want to generate high-quality soft shadow effects up to 50% faster? Find out how in this episode of our Unreal Tips & Tricks video series: 'Distance Field Shadows. 24, raytracing shadows from foliage actors appear to be based on distance from camera with no apparent way to adjust that distance. In their current implementation, they have a virtual resolution of 16k x 16k pixels. gg/38ceaJ67Eu0:00 Int . ) - you can set this to static, it still uses WPO on your foliage, but doesn’t update the shadow - this is very efficient when combined with a WPO disable distance. RadiusThreshold. Unreal Engine supports a "far shadow" for the sun light that casts a lower resolution shadow far more away. Global illumination and Reflections set to none . Dec 14, 2016 · The problem is that when I switch to one of the tables, and step away from it, the shadows disappear. Feb 3, 2018 · Baking takes care of distant shadowing. Disabling “casts shadows” in sky light or “affect distance field lighting” in landscape seems to hide the issue, but both of the options are not viable for me. In this image, the line of trees on the right are static meshes that are all shadowing correctly. TexelsPerPixel r. To keep performance high at reasonable memory cost, VSMs split the shadow map into tiles (or Pages) that are 이 기능은 프로젝트 세팅 의 Rendering 섹션에서 Generate Mesh Distance Fields 옵션을 켜야 합니다. DistanceScale=2 ; Default=1. Alternatively, you can raise the Cascade Distribution Exponent . Mar 1, 2021 · Here, I am showing some essential lighting skills you need to know about when it comes to Unreal Engine landscapes. In Unreal Engine 4 (UE4), this is called Distance Field Shadows (DFS). Start by navigating to the Place Actors panel, then in the Lights tab, select and drag a Directional , Spot , or Point Light into the main viewport. Aug 20, 2022 · You can also check:- If your lights are set to "Stationnary" or "Movable" mode- Check "Cast Shadows", "Cast Dynamic Shadows", "Transmission" and "Cast Volume When the lights are selected, you can see how the distance of the attenuation radius affects the objects within its area and doesn't shadow objects outside of its reach. 26 Documentation Unreal Engine 4. When CSM is the only shadowing method being used, distant objects (like the Court House columns) will have light Jul 21, 2022 · ORTyOW (ORTyOW) July 21, 2022, 11:23am 1. Mar 12, 2023 · Lighting, Rendering, question, unreal-engine. High level overview of shadows. Mar 14, 2019 · For some reason when shadow quality is set to 0 (the lowest) every light source’s draw distance is now infinite. You can disable the Cascaded Shadow Distance by setting it from 20000 to 0. Cast Shadow controls whether the selected light should contribute shadows to the scene. 27 Documentation Feb 26, 2020 · double click your mesh, find the details section, make sure that the ‘cast shadow’ button is checked for each LOD. Toggle in large meshes to be included. Typically games use 4 cascades with 2048 on this gen. I set the draw distance to like 5000 on some light sources and for some reason when shadow quality is on 0, it completely ignores the draw distance like what?! Not to mention when I have shadow quality on 1 (medium technically) all light source’s draw distance is now super short Unreal Engine 4 (UE4) Supports soft shadowing for characters in lit areas with Capsule Shadows using a capsule representation of a Skeletal Mesh from a Physics Asset. And another annoying thing is at screenshot. Here, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and professionals gather to discuss, troubleshoot, and explore everything related to 3D printing with the Ender 3. After enabling this, you can save and close the Static Mesh Editor. It generates mesh distance field in background. Feb 21, 2020 · In 4. 메시 디스턴스 필드를 켜는 방법은 문서를 참고하세요. I saw Far Shadow settings under the Cascaded Shadow Maps section but whatever I set nothing changed. Reflections. MaxCascades. In this test level for Fortnite, Cascaded Shadow Map (CSM) Dynamic Shadow Distance is 4,500 cm (centimeters) from the camera and when Distance Field Shadowing is enabled, they handle any shadowing beyond the CSM Shadow Distance. Shadows disappear with increased camera distance Rendering. I think I am lost now… Project settings : Dynamic global illumination Method : Lumen Reflection Method : Lumen Set Shadow Tracing Distance. GarfSnacks (GarfSnacks) January 17, 2022, 3:00pm 3. One cascade for distance usually enough. (The collision box is used through the BP Mar 12, 2019 · The Far Shadow Cascade for the landscape is using the DistanceField Shadow Distance to calculate how to fade out, so if you set the Far Shadow Distance to anything less than the distance field shadows you get a harsh cutoff line. Set Shadow Distance Fadeout Fraction 13 ธ. 2016 - {UE4} soft shadow, dynamic shadow distance property Mar 24, 2014 · The first image of Saturn is the desired result. ForceLOD 0 + r. Distance field volumes are SM5 feature only. I have a dim interior scene in an abandoned warehouse and I have enabled distance field shadows so I can get nice soft shadows from the surrounding meshes. Num Dynamic Shadow Cascades 4. Jul 9, 2015 · Default Value: 1. Apr 28, 2015 · There is also Distance Field Soft Shadows that would potentially work for shadows at further distances. Casting Shadows. They can be used to great effect when dynamic lighting is required, and are generally 25% to 50% faster than standard depth-map-based dynamic shadows. Any help would be appreciated, thanks! Archived post. the material have RGB and masked opacity. r. I’ve enabled Generate Mesh Distance Fields in project settings and the editor restarts. Feb 22, 2023 · 5. On the left are foliage actors (using the same static mesh asset) that only cast shadows up to a certain Apr 28, 2019 · Shadows start to appear approximately at 100-150m. I’ve enabled Generate Mesh Distance Fields in static mesh setting of the mesh Dec 8, 2021 · Article written by Matt O. In other words, your static shadows disappear at a certain distance from your meshes. Hello everyone. Thank you in advance for any suggestions. What you could be seeing is the static ‘baked’ shadow draw distance. I have 2500 tiles that form a 3D scan of a city in Unreal engine 5. Also cast shadow, cast dynamic shadow, and cast static shadow are all on, and foliage is set to HighDetail. When CSM is the only shadowing method being used, distant objects (like the Court House columns) will have light Increase Shadow Distance. When CSM is the only shadowing method being used, distant objects (like the Court House columns) will have light When VSMs are enabled, they replace a variety of existing shadow methods in Unreal Engine: Stationary precomputed shadows, including 2D Distance Field and shadow factor "shadow maps" Pre-shadows; Per-object / inset shadows; Cascaded Shadow Maps (CSMs) Movable dynamic shadows for local lights High level overview of shadows. When I am close to the object it shows the shadow. Increases resolution of cascaded shadow maps. Sep 12, 2015 · The far shadow options is not meant for any object in the scene, these are intended for larger distance objects or things like Landscapes for far shadows when using Cascaded Shadow Maps (default dynamic shadowing method). For instance, in the Directional light, you would want to set it to Movable. It also seems that those black spots seem to be To enable Contact Shadows, perform the following steps: First, drag a Point Light into your scene. So at some point they renamed “raytraced distance field shadows” to just “distance field shadows” to avoid confusion. Lumen. ClockworkOcean (ClockworkOcean) May 3, 2023, 7:10am 2. In this guide, you'll learn how to enable Distance Field Shadowing for different Light Types, including Directional, Point, and Spot Lights. 캐스케이드 섀도우 맵의 Dynamic Shadow Distance 값 이후 거리에 디스턴스 필드 May 27, 2023 · Thank you! Looks like it was because of Ray Traced shadows. Shadows of trees, bridges, buildings, everything. 27324. 2 and found out, that render distance of virtual shadow maps is less than in 5. To enable Distance Field Shadows on any Light component, the process is the same. The closest distance to an occluding object is used to approximate a cone trace for about the same cost as the ray trace. In the StaticMesh tree, I only have 1 LOD (LOD 0). Sep 9, 2022 · I have this problem trying to get foliage in the distance to cast a shadow. Hey, I've tried messing about with shadow settings but I can't seem to improve my draw distance. Shadow fades off as two static meshes approach each other when using a movable light. The idea is to replace the standard shadow factor storage (0 for shadowed, 1 for unshadowed) with a distance to the nearest shadow transition instead. A lower value of 0. Would it be possible or is it even possible already to activate far shadow in Mar 22, 2020 · Hello, In my project I have an issue that if there is distance field lighting enabled on landscape and a sky light is setup in scene, my terrain have weird black spots all over it. Num Dynamic Shadow Cascades raised from 5 to 10. Aug 20, 2022 · I tried to enable Distance Field Shadows on every lights, enter r. ly/2Yu8Omy * J Aug 12, 2019 · Ray Traced Distance Field Shadows enable you to generate high-quality soft shadow effects using 3D/volume textures, which store the nearest surface to a mesh. Under the Software Ray Tracing category, toggle the checkbox next to Generate Mesh Distance Fields. I’m getting really bad shadow quality and shadows keep disappearing when the camera is a bit far away. DevelopmentRendering. 3 also introduces another option - Shadow Invalidation type (2. RayTracing. Property. Oct 1, 2022 · I really like TSW3, but there are some details I do not enjoy so much. Generate Mesh Distance Fields. Image based specular lighting - nearest Reflection Capture is applied to each object, without parallax correction. One of these is the sun shadow that lasts only a few hundret meters away from the player. This is useful when movable objects move beyond the range of the Dynamic Shadow Distance, particularly when the Dynamic Shadow Distance is set to a low value. I have 2500 tiles that form a 3D scan of a city in Unreal engine 5. I have found though that as soon as I enable distance field shadows on my spot lights (the only light type I am using Unreal Engine 4. When CSM is the only shadowing method being used, distant objects (like the Court House columns) will have light Welcome to the Ender 3 community, a specialized subreddit for all users of the Ender 3 3D printer. Conceptually, virtual shadow maps are just very high-resolution shadow maps. I tried to max directional light shadows settings but it didn’t work. My only thought is to manually place all Sep 19, 2022 · This is my old project made in Unreal 5. Hi! Recently updated to 5. ForceLOD 0 but I couldn’t find a way to disable shadow culling, I tried r. distantscene commands but nothing has affected it unfortunately. With your scene you can probably set it lower, like maybe around 80,000 or less. ORTyOW (ORTyOW) July 21, 2022, 2:11pm 3. virtualHC (virtualHC) October 28, 2017, 5:14am 5. If this is working, you may need to adjust some settings in your lights to see this working properly. In the Static Mesh Editor, navigate to the Details panel. Shadows make objects feel grounded in the world and give the viewer a sense of depth and space. Assuming you are using a directional light as it looks in your image. This shadowing method grounds a character to the scene with soft area shadowing, especially in indirectly lit areas, which is not possible when using traditional shadow mapping May 10, 2017 · It does work. Up close the planet looks as intended with the body of the planet casting a shadow on the rings. xf ys qu nk dl qe rt fh dc rs