13th amendment tennessee

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Constitution, ratified in 1865, formally abolished slavery throughout the United States. having previously passed the Senate on April 8, 1864. It was a lot of hard work and planning but the time has finally come to say that 100 years ago, on August 18th, 1920, Tennessee cast the final vote to ratify the 19th Amendment (also commonly known as women's suffrage). L. With former Confederate states part of the ratification process, Virginia and Louisiana approved the Thirteenth Amendment in February followed by Tennessee and Arkansas in April. 15, reserving confiscated land on the coast of Georgia and South Carolina for the use of freedpeople, each family to be given The Tennessee Constitutional Amendment: 3, commonly known as Amendment 3 or the Remove Slavery as Punishment for Crime from Constitution Amendment, is an approved legislatively referred constitutional amendment to the Constitution of Tennessee that appeared on November 8, 2022. Sep 21, 2023 · 3 minutes. [6] Having been approved by Congress The 13th Amendment to the U. Jun 1, 2010 · The 15th Amendment, adopted in 1870, guaranteed that a citizen’s right to vote would not be denied “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. See full list on ballotpedia. The Emancipation Proclamation took effect on January 1, 1863, granting freedom to all enslaved people within rebelling territories. J. having previously passed the Senate on April 8, 1 864. 21, African Americans made the swift transition from slave to criminal with the passage of the 13th Amendment. Section 1 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. The amendment was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the required 27 of the then 36 states on December 6, 1865, and proclaimed on December 18. Johnson, a states’-rights, strict-constructionist, and unapologetic racist from Tennessee, offered southern states a quick restoration into the Union. Constitution, 14th Amendment to the U. In recent years, a movement has cropped up to revise the Thirteenth Amendment, eliminating the clause that permits slavery “as a punishment for crime. Tennessee and many other states adopted similar language in their constitutions that still exists today. The first state to ratify the amendment was Nevada. Constitution bans slavery, but has a loophole that often goes unnoticed: Slavery is still allowed “as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. Senate but died in the House as Democrats rallied in the name of states’ rights. Many states quickly approved the amendment, but progress halted in the spring of 1920. For more see 13th Amendment to the U. ” Many state constitutions, including Louisiana’s, include similar carveouts. Repeal of exceptions to slavery and involuntary servitude. On April 27, 1810, the Senate voted to pass this 13th Amendment by a vote of 26 to 1; the House resolved in the affirmative 87 to 3; and the resolve was sent to the States for ratification: By Dec. ) and Rep. Const. The second is that the number of yes votes must be a majority of the total votes in the gubernatorial election. ) introduced a joint resolution to the chambers that proposes a new amendment to the constitution to close what they call a loophole in the original THE 13TH AMENDMENT (1865) View the amendment on the National Constitution Center’s website here. " Oct 3, 2023 · Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, rendered the Three-fifths Compromise (Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 3 of the Constitution) obsolete. It is sometimes referred to as Amendment XV. However, President Lincoln did not see the Form of the Letter of Transmittal of the Fourteenth Amendment to the several states for its ratification. This made the business of arresting Blacks very lucrative, which is why Abolition of Slavery. . Learn more about the Reconstruction Amendments. In 1866, one year after the 13 Amendment was ratified (the amendment that ended slavery), Alabama, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Tennessee, and South Carolina began to lease out convicts for labor (peonage). The documentary focused on the central idea that racism never left, it only evolved and changed face as time passed. 8 State and Federal General Election ballot. Historian Daryl Michael Scott traces the roots of this idea through Black intellectual and activist work. 10, 1812, twelve of the required Sep 21, 2022 · The amendment is then placed on the ballot for the next gubernatorial election, which is this year. Voters in four states have approved ballot measures that will change their state constitutions to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude as punishment for The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. Globe, 38th Cong. Rep. protects the people's right to "keep and bear arms". Sherman issued Special Field Orders No. & Pub. The amendment abolished the practice of slavery in the United States — except as a punishment for a crime — and provided Congress with broad powers to ensure the enforcement of the amendment. 1940 (1865). During the Reconstruction period, Tennessee’s former slaves continued the transition to freedom that had begun during the war, establishing communities outside of the rule of slavery. EDT. The Conflict Intensifies. In the United States, the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime of which one has been convicted. 2 days ago · Members of Congress are trying to push similar legislation to remove the slavery as punishment clause from the 13th amendment. Aug 22, 2020 · Tennessean editorial clipping from August 13th, 1920, imploring Tennessee to ratify the Amendment Why Was it Opposed? The reasons are endless, but Weiss explains it perfectly: "The very idea that women should have the right to participate in a government 'by and for the people' was long considered radical, even dangerous, in the U. Updated: September 1 Sep 29, 2022 · 0:00. By late 1812, a total of 12 states had approved the 13th Amendment and ironically, it needed a 13th state to become ratified. In 2020, Sen. The amendment reads, “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof Oct 3, 2023 · The 13th Amendment to the U. The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified on December 6, 1865, when Georgia became the twenty-seventh state to approve it out of the then-total thirty-six states. was proposed by Congress on January 3 1, 1 865 when it passed the House, 2 Footnote Cong. 3 Footnote See supra note 2. The title refers to the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished slavery throughout the United States and ended involuntary servitude except as a punishment for conviction of a crime. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States. He is a former appellate and senior judge, district attorney general, and the attorney general of Tennessee. Section 1. Amendments must be passed by 2/3 of the Congress and Senate and then ratified by at least 3/4 of states. It proclaimed an end to the chattel slavery that had existed in America since earliest colonial times. Mainly clear skies. William Lacy Clay (D-MO) introduced the Abolition Amendment, which would strike the “punishment clause” of the 13th Amendment and abolish forced prison labor. President Abraham Lincoln called on Congress to Nov 13, 2009 · Lincoln Abolishes Slavery with the 13th Amendment In 1864, an amendment abolishing slavery passed the U. Although the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, state governments and private individuals continued to discriminate against African-Americans and deny them equal rights under the law. 5 Footnote See Jones v. Schwartz, Statutory History of the United States: Civil Unlike the other Reconstruction Amendments—the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and, indeed, the rest of the Constitution—the Thirteenth Amendment’s prohibitions apply directly to private individuals in addition to government actors. During December 1865 and January 1866, the Joint Committee considered five resolutions introduced in the House for constitutional amendments regarding apportionment. “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment The first is the amendment must get more yes votes than no votes. The Tennessee constitution mirrors the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution, which abolished slavery. , 1st Sess. The governments of Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas were those established under President Lincoln’s Reconstruction policy. Congress proposed the Thirteenth Amendment in January 1 865, shortly before the end of the Civil War. After ratification, women debated how best to secure equality—including the right to vote—for all women. “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have States that did not ratify the 15th Amendment until the 20th Century were Delaware (1901), Oregon (1959), California (1962), Maryland (1973), Kentucky (1976), and Tennessee (1997). 3 Footnote Cong. In January 1865, General William T. By FindLaw Staff | Legally reviewed by Laura Temme, Esq. Tennessee ratified the Fourteenth Amendment. " It was ratified on February 3, 1870, [1] as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments . – Tennessee voters can cast a ballot for or against four proposed amendments to the Tennessee constitution on the Nov. The 13th Amendment was ratified on December 6, 1865, completing what free and enslaved African Americans, abolitionists, and the Emancipation Proclamation had set in motion. Third Amendment. Constitution, sent to the states for ratification in February 1865 with the unanimous support of congressional Republicans and the firm endorsement of President Abraham Lincoln, contained two short sections. It was ratified December 6, 1865. The square is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The 13th Amendment was the first amendment to the United States Constitution during the period of Reconstruction. Section 2. The path to ratification in Tennessee wasn't easy. NASHVILLE, Tenn. But ending slavery was only a first step toward securing full freedom and citizenship rights for African Americans. The first prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for convicted criminals. The icon indicates free access to the linked research on JSTOR. Constitution outlaws slavery, BILL CAREY is a former journalist and the founder of Tennessee History for Kids, a non-profit organization that Jul 27, 2022 · Thirteenth Amendment - Abolition of Slavery. Pol’y 59, 62 (2017). 3 Footnote Jan 2, 2020 · These effects resulted in the first of three, later named, Reconstruction Amendments that aimed to give equal rights and liberties to newly freed African Americans in the United States. The 13th Amendment changed a portion of Article IV, Section 2 May 16, 2024 · EnlargeDownload Link Citation: The House Joint Resolution Proposing the 15th Amendment to the Constitution, December 7, 1868; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1999; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives View All Pages in the National Archives Catalog View Transcript Passed by Congress February 26, 1869, and ratified February 3, 1870 The Thirteenth Amendment 1 Footnote Amdt13. But it made an exception for people convicted of a crime, offering legal cover for convict leasing. The amendment that freed enslaved people almost didn’t pass. "Tennessee voters need to be aware of the proposed Constitutional amendments on the ballot," said Secretary of State Tre Hargett. Tonight Oct 8, 2017 · Unique among the ex-Confederate states, Tennessee rapidly ratified this amendment (in July 1866) and was thus readmitted to the Union before Congress imposed a more stringent reconstruction plan in March 1867. Editor's note: This is a regular feature on issues related 1 day ago · Beginning in 2016, campaigns in seven states — Colorado, Utah, Nebraska, Vermont, Oregon, Tennessee and Alabama — succeeded in passing amendments that banned slavery without exception, not NASHVILLE, Tenn. The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified, legally abolishing slavery in the United States. The Senate passed the amendment in April 1864, settling on language with bipartisan appeal. The 2012 film Lincoln told the story of President Abraham Lincoln and the final month of debate over the Thirteenth Amendment, leading to its passage by the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865. It was the third of the Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th, and 15th) ratified after the Civil War. The Thirteenth Amendment was passed by the Senate and the House on April 8, 1864, and January 31, 1865, respectively. Voters actually have to cast a vote for both the amendment itself and for governor, in order for their choice to count. Oct 25, 2023 · 13th is a 2016 American documentary film directed by Ava DuVernay. The amendment was ratified on December 6, 1865, and ended the argument about whether slavery was legal in the United States. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by Footnotes Jump to essay-1 U. The Civil War ended. Jump to essay-2 The other two Reconstruction Amendments were the Fourteenth Amendment, which, among other things, requires states to accord due process and equal protection of the laws to all persons, and the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibits the federal and state governments from denying or abridging the right to vote based on race Nov 7, 2022 · The 13th Amendment of the U. Globe, 3 8th Cong. Jan 31, 2023 · On January 31, 2023. There is a Woman Suffrage Memorial in downtown Knoxville in Market Square to honor state suffragists. Jeff Merkley and U. 1865-66 African American Black codes were enacted throughout the south to limit the rights of African Americans and reestablish white supremacy in the south. Constitution reads: Section 1. The document shown here is the joint resolution passed by Iowa’s House and Senate and printed on March 30. Oct 2, 2018 · The 13th Amendment, ratified in 1865, says: “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the Passed by Congress January 31, 1865. Along with the 14th and 15th Amendments, the 13th Amendment was the first of the three Reconstruction Mar 15, 2021 · Tennessee Senate approves proposed amendment to remove slavery from state constitution “And it was passed five years after Tennessee and the United States ratified the 13th Amendment forever Aug 22, 2020 · August 22, 2020. was proposed by Congress on January 31, 1865 when it passed the House, 2 Footnote Cong. Constitution, officially ending the institution of slavery, is ratified. ". Congressional passage of the Thirteenth Amendment on January 31, 1865 was a long-awaited, monumental reform in American life and politics. Now, as Congress debated the meanings of freedom, equality, and citizenship for formerly enslaved people, women’s rights leaders saw an opening to advance The Thirteenth Amendment 1 Footnote Amdt13. S. Tennessee considered the amendment in August, resulting in victory by a single vote. The Thirteenth Amendment 1 Footnote Amdt 1 3. Learn which state was the last to ratify the amendment. The problem, however, is that efforts to trace contemporary mass incarceration to the 13th Amendment’s felony exception clause rest on sandy ground. Proponents have said the measure will guarantee that workers can’t be compelled to join unions or pay union dues. Following battlefield victories and Lincoln’s reelection, Congress reconsidered, approving it in January 1865. Feb 27, 2020 · Most Tennesseans seem to think that either the Emancipation Proclamation or the 13th Amendment abolished slavery in this state. Here is the complex backstory. Dec 27, 2020 · Oregon’s U. Therefore, Emancipation Day is not uniform and is unique to every state Nov 21, 2023 · In order to guarantee this transition was as peaceful as possible, the state government of Tennessee ratified the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery the same day that the new government was Feb 22, 2017 · According to “13th,” a 2016 documentary viewed in Alumni Memorial on Tuesday, Feb. In a technical sense, Reconstruction in Tennessee had formally ended, only slightly more than one year after Lee’s surrender at The Thirteenth Amendment 1 Footnote Amdt13. Together, these amendments aimed to safeguard the rights of newly emancipated slaves and ensure that states accorded due process and equal protection of the laws to all persons. A " yes " vote supported amending the state constitution to provide a process, along with a line of succession, for an acting governor when the governor Oct 9, 2020 · Black Codes. 531 (1865). July 18, 2016. Section 2 Abolition of Slavery. 3 Footnote The Thirteenth Amendment 1 Footnote Amdt13. XIII, § 1. 5 3 1 (1 865). ” During this period of The Thirteenth Amendment 1 Footnote Amdt13. It was adopted in 1865. Constitution, all on the Library of Jun 10, 2020 · A dramatic battle in the Tennessee House of Representatives ends with the state ratifying the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution on August 18, 1920. Opponents pointed out that Tennessee since 1947 has had a right to law measure on its books. Lacy Clay (D-Mo. amend. Rev Aug 19, 2023 · The Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery “except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. 4 Footnote The congressional debate on adoption of the Amendment is conveniently collected in 1 B. By DeNeen L. org Nov 9, 2022 · Politics Nov 9, 2022 6:51 PM EDT. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Discover how these amendments aimed to abolish slavery and promote equality, and the challenges they faced from the Black Codes. [1] [2] In the latter 2010s, a movement has emerged to repeal the exception clause from both the Jan 30, 2015 · Congress Passes 13th Amendment, 150 Years Ago. Oct 12, 2018 · A Kanye-inspired history lesson. However, in one of the least known points about the Volunteer State and the Civil War, Tennessee abolished slavery by referendum 155 years ago this month. 1 940 There is no constitutional role for a President in the amendment process, but Johnson sent Congress a special message explaining his disapproval of the amendment. Over the next few months he advised Southern legislatures to reject it. Early in April 1865, the Tennessee General Assembly unanimously ratified the Thirteenth Amendment to the U. View All Pages in the National Archives Catalog View Transcript Passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6 Eric Foner, Abraham Lincoln, the Thirteenth Amendment, and the Problem of Freedom, 15 Geo. A long series of nationally publicized events known as the Coal Creek War tested this concept. It was readmitted to the Union in 1866. Dec 6, 2016 · The fear of both nations using noble titles as bribes, along with pensions from a foreign government, was persistent. 1791. Second Amendment. Jun 21, 2022 · If one views the 13th Amendment through this lens, then the felony exception clause is a poison pill that both undercuts the 13th Amendment’s significance and disqualifies it from commemoration. Because the 19th Amendment only banned voter discrimination based Thirteenth Amendment Explained Section 1 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. The film explores the intersection of race, justice, and mass incarceration in the United States. Feb 15, 2015 · 1,262 Views Program ID: 324055-1 Category: Public Affairs Event Format: Forum Location: Washington, District of Columbia, United States First Aired: Feb 15, 2015 | 6:28pm EST | C-SPAN 3 Interesting Facts about the Fifteenth Amendment. " Jan 26, 2022 · Black Codes and the 13th Amendment. They created churches, cemeteries Sep 19, 2022 · Critics say the 152-year-old law needs to change -- that there should be no exceptions to a prohibition on slavery. For well over a year now, the Nashville Public Library has been preparing for this momentous anniversary. “That amendment is known, when we are in high school, as the amendment that ended slavery in America,” Merkley said during a press conference Monday. On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation 1 declaring, based on his war powers, that all persons held as slaves within Confederate states "are, and henceforward shall be, free. 0:45. Iowa was the thirty-first state, voting for ratification on January 15, 1866. This longstanding process Tennessee uses to determine the result for proposed Constitutional amendments was confirmed by a court decision following the 2014 general On August 18, 1920, Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the 19th Amendment, making women's suffrage legal in the United States. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 1 Overview of Thirteenth Amendment, Abolition of Slavery. The 13th Amendment to the Constitution abolished slavery and was ratified on December 6, 1865. 1 Overview of Thirteenth Amendment, Abolition of Slavery. Today is the anniversary of Tennessee's ratification of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, a day we should all celebrate. Oct 23, 2022 · When slavery was outlawed in the US in 1865, the 13th Amendment included one exception. 3 Footnote Jul 12, 2023 · Paul G. To learn more about Tennessee's history of Reconstruction and Disenfranchisement of African Americans, this was one of the resources I used. […] The 13th Amendment. Sen. , 1 st Sess. Apr 10, 2023 · Many people believe the 13th Amendment to the U. Wm. His Reconstruction plan required provisional southern governments to void their ordinances of secession, repudiate their Confederate debts, and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. Sep 22, 2022 · The 13th Amendment, passed after the Civil War, banned slavery and involuntary servitude. An overview and the 13th Amendment. Jun 16, 2023 · A group of Democratic lawmakers has reintroduced a joint resolution to negate a clause in the 13th Amendment of the Constitution that permits Oregon and Tennessee approved a measure to rid The Fifteenth Amendment ( Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government and each state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. As the Tennessee State Museum points out: Sep 8, 2016 · Passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, the 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States and provides that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Nov 10, 2022 · Amendment 1 garnered 70% of the vote and swept all 95 counties, despite strong opposition from unions. Winds W at 5 to 10 mph. Summers is a lawyer. Look back 150 years ago when Congress approved the 13th Amendment, which officially abolished slavery in the United States. Learn more about the Jun 9, 2024 · First Amendment. Yet it accomplished both more and less than we may have been taught to think. ”. Constitution. Globe , 38th Cong. 531 (1865) . The originally proposed 13th Amendment was introduced in the Senate by Democratic–Republican Senator Philip Reed of Maryland, was passed on April 27, 1810, by a vote of 19–5 and sent to the House of Representatives for its consideration. October 12, 2018 at 2:05 p. Constitution achieved ratification by the states on December 6, 1865. 8 election, Tennessee voters will decide on Amendment 3, which Nov 13, 2009 · On December 6, 1865, the 13th Amendment to the U. It’s time to unequivocally make the evils of slavery and involuntary servitude history, once and for all. Tennessee Constitutional Amendment 2, the Acting Governor Amendment, was on the ballot in Tennessee as a legislatively referred constitutional amendment on November 8, 2022 . State legislatures in every formerly Confederate state, with the exception of Tennessee, first refused to ratify it. Jeff Merkley (D-Ore. Ratified December 6, 1865. And both the Senate and the House easily passed the TONA and passed it on to the states. 1 Overview of Thirteenth Amendment, Abolition of Slavery . We must pass the Abolition Amendment — sponsored by Senator Jeff Merkley (OR) and Representative Nikema Williams (GA-05) — to end the exception! #EndTheException is part of the Abolish Slavery National Network. - On September 27th, 2018, Legislative Librarian Eddie Weeks gave the following presentation on "The Ratifications of the 13th and 14th Amen Mar 5, 2019 · Kingsport, TN (37660) Today. states on December 6,1865; however, the remaining 40% did not ratify the amendment on that day. The memorial is dedicated to local white Dec 12, 2020 · 127 years later, on April 2nd, 1997, Tennessee finally ratified the 15th Amendment after being the last of the original 37 in the Union that had not committed an act of support for it. 529-530). The struggle to fulfill the promises of liberty, equality, and justice for all, which began with the nation May 10, 2022 · EnlargeDownload Link Citation: The House Joint Resolution Proposing the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, January 31, 1865; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1999; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives. Apr 12, 2023 · The Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery “except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. Rapper Kanye West visited President Trump in Nov 8, 2022 · State legislature. The Senate Passes the Thirteenth Amendment. prohibits laws "respecting an establishment of religion" and protects freedoms of religion, speech, and the press and the rights to assemble peaceably and petition the government. Almost a year after the 13th Amendment passed in the House, President Johnson required Confederate states to ratify the legislation in order to rejoin the Union. , 2d Sess. L. Brown. The proposed amendment modifies Article I, Section 33 of the . Low 54F. | Last reviewed July 27, 2022. After first failing to muster a two-thirds vote in the House of Representatives, the amendment was forwarded to the states on February 1, 1865, and ratified by the following December 18. Tennessee voters will have a chance to vote on four constitutional amendments this fall, ranging from union issues to an effort to strip antiquated slavery language from the state's Jun 19, 2022 · However, emancipation did not occur on the same day in every state In fact, the 13 th Amendment that officially ended the institution of slavery was ratified by 60% of the U. 4 Footnote George Rutherglen, State Action, Private Action, and the Thirteenth Amendment, 94 Va. m. After decades of struggle and Jun 19, 2023 · The Thirteenth Amendment marked a victory not only for the antislavery cause but also for the Loyal League, proving women’s political efficacy and the possibility for radical change. The Anderson County town of Coal Creek was founded when the railroad first came in, around 1870. Tennessee did not ratify the amendment until 1997. It was passed by the House on May 1, 1810, by a vote of 87–3. Constitution, and 15th Amendment to the U. Nobility" Amendment (History of Congress, Proceedings of the Senate, p. The House then rejected it. April 8, 1864. The Thirteenth Amendment to the U. The 13th Amendment was passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865. What the film did not portray, however, was the Senate’s part of that story. Explore the journey of the Reconstruction Amendments post-Civil War, starting from the Emancipation Proclamation to the ratification of the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery. And come Nov. Congress shall Aug 2, 2021 · The 13th Amendment abolished enslavement and involuntary servitude—except when applied as punishment for a crime—in the entire United States. ge ts bz wg zm jw mm um xv xm