Stray gassing in transformer oil. Introduction The power transformer is one of the most important parts of the transmission and distribution network, where the reliable electric supply depends on the proper functioning of its insulation system. Historically, prudent maintenance strategies are better conceived by studying the condition of units in service. Jan 3, 2024 · The proposed model is used to analyze 138 transformer oil (TO) samples that exhibited different stray gassing characteristics in various South African substations. Jun 18, 2019 · This effect has been distinguished as ’stray gassing’. Also the use of some additives, mainly passivators may accelerate strongly the IEC 60296 Edition 5. Gassing at relatively low temperatures, 100 O C to 200 O C, often presents a problem to the asset manager since it can be difficult to distinguish this event from that caused by an actual fault May 1, 2021 · Novelty, findings of this work indicate that the generation of hydrogen arising from stray gassing may stem from severely hydro-treated mineral oil, but is also strenuously affected by transformer Analysis of stray gas according to oil characteristics and vacuum process conditions of insulation oil in power transformer This type of experiment shows that the gassing characteristics of new oils under thermal stress can be drastically different. The degradation of the properties of the oil–paper insulation can cause faults in the transformer and, consequently, in the electrical network of which it is a part. In the case of a transformer heat run, one oil would cause the transformer to fail the test while the other oil would not be of concern. Results of the SG laboratory tests at the FKH with uninhibited mineral oil B at 70 C to 160 C, with and without copper, using mostly Procedure 1 but Mar 1, 2011 · Thermal stress leads to the formation of carbon oxides in oil. Jul 30, 2020 · The aim and contribution of this paper is to identify with Duval Pentagon 2 the stray gassing (SG) patterns of inhibited and uninhibited mineral oils in transformers in service and in the Oct 1, 2014 · Investigations Into the Stray Gassing of Oils in the Fault Diagnosis of Transformers. This paper aims to develop a model for Jun 25, 2019 · Outlier was one transformer, where CH4/H2-ratio of 0. We as an O&M Company of power plant , decided to start oil sampling for DGA of Generator Step Up transformers oil Jun 29, 2014 · Refinery processing determines the chemistry of the base oils used in transformer oils. Stray gassing of hydrogen refers to the generation of hydrogen under moderate temperatures in the transformer. Doble, with the inspiration of the CIGRE work cycled oil for switchgear would be labelled as: SRBT. 0 2020-06 NORME INTERNATIONALE Fluids for electrotechnical applications – Mineral insulating oils for electrical Apr 11, 2021 · Gassing tendency of oil including different ratios of paper after 2000 h aging duration. However, depending on the criticality of your high-voltage equipment, more frequent or additional testing may be needed. However, various studies have shown that using each of these indicators alone may lead to incorrect cellulose degradation diagnosis INTERNATIONAL. Jun 29, 2014 · Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is a common tool used to understand the condition and processes ongoing inside the transformer. However, stray gassing of oil could give false indication to the result. Presently, alternative fluids are becoming more and more popular as we look For many years, dissolved gas analysis (DGA) has been considered worldwide as the most important technique for evaluating the state of health of oil-filled power transformers. Oct 30, 2021 · 6) Gases may also be produced by the exposure of oil to sunlight or may be generated during repair welding of transformer tank under oil filled condition. Some explanations for this phenomenon are given in the report as well. 22 Stray gassing of oil Some oils can produce gases such as hydrogen, hydrocarbons and carbon oxides at low temperatures (< 120 °C) without thermal or electrical faults in a transformer, sometimes even without operational stress. The results showed Apr 1, 2022 · An oil-filled transformer should be able to operate for a long time with proper maintenance. One of the best diagnostic methods for oil-immersed transformer condition is dissolved gas analysis (DGA). 0 2020-06 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Fluids for electrotechnical applications – Mineral insulating oils for electrical stray gassing has only been conducted by oil suppliers. Practical Case Study. Stray gassing of transformer oil is a convoluted physical phenomenon, in which several parameters act simultaneously thus making the understanding of Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) more daunting. Stray gassing is the generation of gases like hydrogen, methane and ethane in transformer oils heated to relatively low temperatures between 90-200°C. Jul 1, 2011 · The increase in stray gassing (H 2 and CO) production was accompanied by a decrease in the amount of the metal passivator in the transformer. Due to the importance of cellulose, indicators such as 2-Furfural, CO, CO2, and CO2/CO ratio are used to investigate cellulose aging status because these are cellulose degradation products. Additionally, oil specifications and standards have been updated to include stray gassing limits that cover low-temperature faults. Currently, there are some assessment algorithms for the predictive analysis, but all of them have in common the fact that they are based on the classical gas formation theory. The methodology for analysis of dissolved gases and the interpretation has been developed over the last 40 years and that process is still ongoing. . Currently, there is a to stray gassing phenomenon that causes false interpretations in the transformer condition, there is a need to find out the factors contributing to the formation of the stray gases in the Stray Gassing, µ/l (optional*) o D7150 No established limits *Optional tests can be required by the user of this specification; if required, then the values provided in the table are the specified limits that must be met. An oil-filled transformer should be able to operate for a long time with proper maintenance. The lesson is intended for utility engineers / chemists, transformer and oil manufacturers etc. A major fault on the transformer can disrupt the power supply, thus causing substantial losses. They could ask for just a Type A fully inhibited high grade oil (virgin or recycled) or they could specify either TVAI or TRAI, for either a virgin or re-cycled oil, respectively. Jun 27, 2019 · Reports from all over the world indicate that transformer oils can release large amounts of flammable gasses even at moderate operating temperatures. Natural ester-filled transformers, specifically those filled with FR3, have a tendency to generate ethane—and sometimes hydrogen—as stray gasses at temperatures normally found in a properly operated transformer. Stray gassing is not a new phenomenon, but it seems to be stronger manifested with modern mineral oils. The dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is used to detect incipient fault based on the transformer oil. In this report some molecular structures were selected because they represent each Jan 3, 2024 · This work examines the application of machine learning (ML) algorithms to evaluate dissolved gas analysis (DGA) data to quickly identify incipient faults in oil-immersed transform Oct 30, 2021 · 6) Gases may also be produced by the exposure of oil to sunlight or may be generated during repair welding of transformer tank under oil filled condition. 2014. While not typical in every case, it does happen frequently enough that we do not consider it to be abnormal. Turbine & Hydraulic Oil Analysis. 2 This test method is particularly suited for detection of the phenomenon sometimes known as “stray gassing” and is also referred to in CIGRE TF11 B39. October 2014. Sep 28, 2020 · Over the last decade, South Africa has witnessed a generous amount in the number of failure rates in distribution solar photovoltaic (DSPV) energy transformers that has been derived from the knowledge deficit of the criterion for designing and an appropriate manner of specifying these transformers. Consult an SDMyers transformer specialist to determine what is best for your organization. Laboratory tests on oils from transformers with stray gassing show inconsequential results, yet the phenomenon worries asset Jun 28, 2021 · Therefore, early detection of transformer faults is imperative in the process of operating and maintaining power system networks. The cause has been attributed to the refining process and Sep 28, 2020 · These challenges consists of harmonics and distortion, resulting in superheating of transformer metallic components, degradation of cellulose insulation, stray gassing of oil, short service life Jan 3, 2024 · The proposed model is used to analyze 138 transformer oil (TO) samples that exhibited different stray gassing characteristics in various South African substations. This work aims to analyze the use of decision trees (DTs) for the analysis of gases dissolved in Nov 1, 2020 · Power transformer insulation is degraded and decomposed over time. However ethane has frequently been observed without apparent fault activity (stray gassing) and other gases have been reported from routine analysis. DOI: 10. Influences of oxygen, temperature, electric field strength, metal deactivator content on the transformer oil stray gassing were studied, and the reason for hydrogen overproof was analysed. The results indicate that the oil mainly con - sisting of paraffinic hydrocarbons shows a different gassing pat-tern compared to naphthenic oils when it is exposed to thermal stress. e) Stray Gassing A stray gassing test device for transformer oil under condition of coincident electric field and temperature was developed and the corresponding test method was established independently. Nov 18, 2019 · Moreover, the analysis of insulating oil provides a diagnosis of the state of the transformer. Today, most transformers are filled with mineral oil. Although stray gassing does not cause any threat to the transformers, it is not desirable since it may conflict with standard DGA Oct 1, 2021 · Abstract. KEYWORDS dissolved gas analysis, thermal stress, transformer oil Nov 18, 2019 · Moreover, the analysis of insulating oil provides a diagnosis of the state of the transformer. By the analysis of amounts of hydrogen, volatile hydrocarbons and carbon oxides dissolved in the insulating oil dielectric and thermal faults can be Feb 27, 2014 · Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is a powerful tool used to monitor the condition of oil filled high voltage electrical equipment, in particular transformers. To alleviate transformer management and decision matrix, transformer condition assessment Oct 1, 2013 · The stray gases are formed by chemical reactions at normal transformer operating temperatures. 7) Stray gassing of oil is defined by The standardization of NFPA 70B in 2023 means annual liquid sampling and testing is now a minimum requirement for transformer maintenance. Their biodegradability and high fire point compared to mineral oils are some of its advantages. Nov 18, 2019 · The insulating capacity of the oil–paper combination is affected by various stresses (electrical, thermal and environmental) that result from the operation of the transformer. 21 (pointing more to stray gassing as per CIGRE TB296 and Duval triangle n°4) was observed. Results from experimental study of the temperature regarding that aspect. Machine learning algorithms are used to classify the DGA data into normal Mar 10, 2014 · Nevertheless, if hydrogen is the main gas being produced in significant quantities, the likely causes may be stray gassing of the oil or partial discharges in the transformer. The formation of CO and CO 2 is governed by temperature. Jan 2, 2023 · Mineral oil and natural ester show a positive gassing tendency compared to synthetic ester which exhibit a negative gassing tendency. A stray gassing test device for transformer oil under condition of coincident electric field and temperature was developed and the corresponding test method was established independently. IEC 60296 Edition 5. One way to improve Refinery processing determines the chemistry of the base oils used in transformer oils. A multi-classification model that is centered on ML algorithms is demonstrated to have a logical, precise, and perfect understanding of DGA and is used to analyze 138 transformer oil (TO) samples that exhibited different stray gassing characteristics in various South African substations. Stray gassing measurements can be performed with different methods and the results may differ Oct 1, 2017 · Download Citation | On Oct 1, 2017, Huijuan Wang and others published Study on stray gassing of transformer oil with metal deactivator under condition of coincident electric field and temperature Refinery processing determines the chemistry of the base oils used in transformer oils. Solar photovoltaic producers have underlined a considerable number of technical performance ASTM-D7150 Standard Test Method for the Determination of Gassing Characteristics of Insulating Liquids Under Thermal Stress - combustible gases; DGA; dissolved gases; dissolved gas-in-oil; insulating oil; low temperature gassing characteristics; stray gassing; transformer oil, clay treatment Nov 1, 2019 · The studies on stray gassing of synthetic ester with pentaerythritol base indicated a higher amount of ethylene with natural ester showing increased concentrations of hydrogen and ethane Dec 28, 2017 · For many years, dissolved gas analysis (DGA) has been considered worldwide as the most important technique for evaluating the state of health of oil-filled power transformers. The results showed May 6, 2014 · Investigations Into the Stray Gassing of Oils in the Fault Diagnosis of Transformers Abstract: In this paper, we present an analysis of the gases generated by mineral oil and cellulose transformer insulation, at temperatures lower than those expected to be caused by an actual thermal fault. With the use of the dissolved gas analysis (DGA) tool, the condition of the transformer can be studied and predicted to prevent unwanted events from occurring. By the analysis of amounts of hydrogen, volatile hydrocarbons and carbon oxides dissolved in the insulating oil dielectric and thermal faults can be Sep 26, 2016 · An oil-filled transformer should be able to operate for a long time with proper maintenance. STANDARD. A large amount of database has been generated in the industry for dissolved gas analysis in mineral oil-based transformer oils, and various models have been developed to predict faults and analyze data. In the case of mineral oils, inhibition as well as oil, influences the gassing. This phenomenon has been observed globally in different oil blends. Dec 28, 2017 · For many years, dissolved gas analysis (DGA) has been considered worldwide as the most important technique for evaluating the state of health of oil-filled power transformers. Carbon Oxides Deriving From Natural, Synthetic Esters. Based on regular analysis and trending of the dissolved gases extracted from insulating oil samples, an assessment can be made whether internal transformer abnormalities are present and how critical these abnormalities The proposed model is used to analyze 138 transformer oil (TO) samples that exhibited different stray gassing characteristics in various South African substations. However, there have been few studies on the relationship between the molecular structures of the oil and stray gassing. 7) Stray gassing of oil is defined by The phenomenon of fault gas generation out of insulating fluids at moderate temperatures, based solely on their constituents and not related to an equipment failure is described with the term “stray gassing“. Power transformer is one of the most crucial components in the power system network. Increasing the severity of the processing leads to a more stable base oil. to stray gassing phenomenon that causes false interpretations in the transformer condition, there is a need to find out the factors contributing to the formation of the stray gases in the Power transformer is one of the most crucial components in the power system network. In the last 10 years, there has been resurgence in the use of natural ester (vegetable oil) because of their ‘green’ credentials. 1109/TPWRD. Currently produced insulating oils tend to generate gases at relatively low temperatures (90–200 °C). As with mineral oil, under normal operating conditions the ester liquid in transformers is not expected to produce gases. Chromatographic analysis of dissolved gas in oil, namely dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is one of the most widely used techniques for the early detection of faults inactive parts of transformers [ 2, 3 ]. – A new method for stray gassing under thermo-oxidative stress of mineral insulating oils, which has been tested in a joint round robin test (RRT) between CIGRE D1 and IEC technical committee 10, has been included. The proposed model combines the design of four ML classifiers and enhances diagnosis accuracy and trust between the transformer manufacturer and power utility. hydrogen arising from stray gassing may stem from severely hydro-treated mineral oil, but is also strenuously affected by transformer thermal aging of polymers, choice of core steel grade, zinc Nov 1, 2010 · These cases reveal that hydrogen production caused by stray gassing may be due to strongly hydro-treated oils, but is also very strongly influenced by transformer materials. Oil Filtration & Oil Reclamation. Apr 1, 2022 · Request PDF | Classification of Fault and Stray Gassing in Transformer by Using Duval Pentagon and Machine Learning Algorithms | An oil-filled transformer should be able to operate for a long time Oct 1, 2015 · This paper is a short overview on testing possibilities for stray gassing and suggestion for the influencing factors, typical stray gas patterns in mineral oil, as well as in further insulating This could mean that in order to apply the outcomes of studies on stray gassing to a transformer, there is a need to take into ac-count the availability of water in addition to the effect of oxygen. Solar photovoltaic producers have underlined a considerable number of technical performance In this paper, we present an analysis of the gases generated by mineral oil and cellulose transformer insulation, at temperatures lower than those expected to be caused by an actual thermal fault. Stray Gassing of Uninhibited Mineral Oil B. However, there are times where the produce of stray gassing event might lead to fault indication in the transformer. Based on regular analysis and trending of the dissolved gases extracted from insulating oil samples, an assessment can be made whether internal transformer abnormalities are present and how critical these abnormalities Nov 20, 2023 · The analysis of gases dissolved in oil is the main technique used to predict possible failures in power transformers. TOPS includes the measuring of stray gassing, which provides the end user with critical information to help distinguish nuisance gassing from problem gassing in an in-service electrical A stray gassing test device for transformer oil under condition of coincident electric field and temperature was developed and the corresponding test method was established independently. Fluides pour applications électrotechniques . Mar 2, 2021 · This paper is a “research” paper containing original experimental data developed at RWE, comparing the stray gassing (SG) of DDB oil during SG tests in the laboratory and in bushings of RWE in service. The aim and contribution of this paper is to identify with Duval Pentagon 2 the stray gassing (SG) patterns of inhibited and uninhibited mineral oils in transformers in service and in the well-established laboratory SG tests of CIGRE and ASTM, so that SG in transformers can be easily distinguished from the other types of faults Jun 1, 2014 · The comparative experimental data obtained by gas chromatography technique on 5 different sorts of insulating fluids (a sort of vegetable oil with high oleic content and with addition of 0. With the Despite this, oil-filled transformer technology has remained virtually unchanged for nearly a century. 6. Performance additives can modify the chemistry of the system and potentially lead to unintended consequences. This allows the customer to be exact in their description of the oil they are purchasing. The surge in service losses further give rise to excessive heating of active part components and insulation materials [7], [8], [9] and 10]. Abstract. 2. One may understand that even minor partial discharging activities with low energy and for short durations will lead to stray gassing and involves in local temperature raise. The stray gassing is noticed for fresh dielectric fluids in case of partial discharging activity of the present study. This paper present a case scenario of Dissolve Gas Analysis (DGA) carried Jun 29, 2014 · Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is a common tool used to understand the condition and processes ongoing inside the transformer. Gas production mechanism of Irgamet 39 and its Jan 2, 2023 · Keywords: gassing; mineral oil; ester fluid; hydrogen; ethylene; stray gassing; thermal stress; electrical stress; regeneration 1. Finally, the type of oil plays an important role in the overall gassing behavior. 3 This test method is performed on transformer insulating liquids to determine the propensity of the oil to produce certain gases such as hydrogen and hydrocarbons at low temperatures. The conclusions arrived at in this paper have never been discussed nor presented anywhere before. Electrical Test & Repair. The aim is to have an early indication of thermal and dielectric faults. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 29 (5):2369-2374. However, due to the rising of issues related to stray gassing phenomenon that causes false interpretations in the transformer condition, there is a Jun 19, 2016 · In the last twenty years, natural ester liquids have come into wider use. Analysis of stray gas according to oil characteristics and vacuum process conditions of insulation oil in power transformer Jul 19, 2023 · The report provides information from the refiners on their products, and a thorough analysis of the data in respect to specifications and historical trending. Mar 3, 2021 · 1. This phenomenon is termed `stray gassing'. Increase rates between 31-141ppm/year was observed. This has been the case since the late 19th century, when chemist Elihu Thomson, whose company later merged to form General Electric, patented the use of mineral oil in transformers to help disperse heat from the core of a transformer in order to prolong its life. The stray gases are mostly due to breakage of C-C bonds under Mar 1, 2023 · A multi-classification model that is centered on ML algorithms is demonstrated to have a logical, precise, and perfect understanding of DGA and is used to analyze 138 transformer oil (TO) samples that exhibited different stray gassing characteristics in various South African substations. This phenomenon, defined by CIGRE as stray gassing (SG), can hinder the diagnostics of oil-filled electrical equipment based on the DGA method, because high amounts of hydrogen H2 and saturated hydrocarbons can sometimes occur in Sep 28, 2020 · These challenges consists of harmonics and distortion, resulting in superheating of transformer metallic components, degradation of cellulose insulation, stray gassing of oil, short service life and a significant Total Ownership Cost (TOC) for solar photovoltaic producers. Stray gassing with Dec 1, 2019 · This paper is a short overview on testing possibilities for stray gassing and suggestion for the influencing factors, typical stray gas patterns in mineral oil, as well as in further insulating Insulation oil is one of the most important components in an oil-insulated transformer. This study examines how processing differences and additives affect the generation of stray gasses at low temperatures. – Within the transformer insulating oils, two groups, Type A and Type B, are defined, based on their performance. By the analysis of amounts of hydrogen, volatile hydrocarbons and carbon oxides dissolved in the insulating oil dielectric and thermal faults can be The proposed model is used to analyze 138 transformer oil (TO) samples that exhibited different stray gassing characteristics in various South African substations. Transformer Oil Analysis. 1. 2316501. Based on regular analysis and trending of the dissolved gases extracted from insulating oil samples, an assessment can be made whether internal transformer abnormalities are present and how critical these abnormalities Jan 2, 2023 · In order to isolate the stray gases from PD and thermal faults, Duval has proposed different techniques to identify stray gassing in mineral oil and alternative fluids used for transformer applications. 5 % 5. Increased levels of certain gasses in the transformer oil can be measured and interpreted according to guidelines. This paper aims to develop a model for Sep 28, 2020 · Over the last decade, South Africa has witnessed a generous amount in the number of failure rates in distribution solar photovoltaic (DSPV) energy transformers that has been derived from the knowledge deficit of the criterion for designing and an appropriate manner of specifying these transformers. Excessive heating has a known adverse effect in the degradation of cellulose insulation and stray gassing of transformer oil [11], [12], [13] and [14]. Recent Studies on Gassing Behavior. fw qr uv da dg ut ap nq pm pt