Polyphonic hymns
Polyphonic hymns. It was not merely polyphony that offended the medieval ears, but the notion of secular music merging with the sacred and making its way into the papal Polyhymnia ( / pɒliˈhɪmniə /; Greek: Πολυύμνια, lit. 1486–d. Brunner (Baltimore, MD: Helicon, 1961). [2] The monophonic chants of plainsong have a non-metric rhythm. He is the best-known 16th-century representative of the Roman School of musical composition and has had a lasting influence on the development of church music. P. HYMNS AND HYMNALS, I: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS Until the Reformation, melodies of the Latin hymn predominated in Christian worship. ” Polyphonic music features two or more independent melody lines played simultaneously. Heterophonic textures can be found in a wide range of music from jazz, folk music to the gamelan from Indonesia. Avignon, the seat of the antipopes, was a vigorous center of secular music-making, much of which influenced sacred polyphony. Just as ornate cathedrals were built to house holy relics Jun 1, 2004 · Piae Cantiones: The Polyphonic Hymns and Songs [Andersen, Harald, Makinen, Timo] on Amazon. The two laude are Vergene madre pia and O Jesù dolce, o infinit'amore, for two voices; of the seven Latin hymns On the emergence of polyphony from a liturgical perspective, see Karl Fellerer, The History of Catholic Church Music, trans. Apr 5, 2013 · The Renaissance Street Singers, founded in 1973, perform 15th- and 16th-century hymns, psalms, and other sacred music in a variety of public spaces in New York. Learn more. Some LibriVox volunteers read the hymns; others sung them. with the text in the monophonie tradition. ∎ a composition written, played, or sung in this style. 1570), who composed the earliest polyphonic settings of evangelical hymns (1524), and maintained a lively correspondence with the Bavarian chapelmaster Ludwig Senfl (b. It involves the simultaneous sounding of two or more musical lines, each of which retains its melodic independence. Heterophonic music is where a melody is varied by an additional voice/part at the same time as the original melody is being played. The Strahov Codex contains sixty 3- and 4-voice polyphonic office hymns, arranged mostly according to the liturgical year. 6 For the purposes of this article "Italy" will include all of modern Italy with the exception of Trent and that part controlled by Savoy in the fifteenth century. com: Polyphonic Hymns and Magnificats (Alto and Bass) - Framed Art: Musical Instruments Accessories And Parts: Posters & Prints Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following were sacred genres in the Medieval period?, Which of the following is NOT a chant of the Proper of the Mass?, Organa featured voices that could move independently, marking the beginning of Western polyphonic music. Once the main voice enters you have a polyphonic texture. Jul 16, 2023 · It opens with a polyphonic chorus that presents the first verse of the hymn. Sicut Cervus, G. recording…。了解更多。 Aug 7, 2020 · Enjoy the beauty and harmony of polyphony choral of the renaissance, featuring some of the most renowned composers of sacred music, such as Josquin Desprez, Pierre de la Rue, Palestrina and Many of the songs in the book are hymns that use words, meters, and stanzaic forms familiar from elsewhere in Protestant hymnody. Breviary, Use of Sarum with Norwich variants (‘The Stowe Breviary’). Bach brought Protestant music up to the level of art again, whereas in the joyless Reformed Question 1 options: 1) monophonic 2) polyphonic 3) quadraphonic 4) homophonic . 1. Psalm 62 (63 in the USA) - My soul is thirsting for you, O Lord my God / O God, you are my God, for you I long. 1 in G Major (1717) by Johann Sebastian Bach is an example of a monophonic texture. May 31, 2008 · A collection of classic Christian hymns spanning the centuries. Oct 15, 2013 · The hymns of the Old Regular Baptist Church are sung in the so-called "lined-out" style brought to America by British colonists. The first time that the German mass was performed was the 20th Sunday after Trinity, October 29th, 1524 (Nettl, 73). The choir performed a polyphonic arrangement of “Ave Maria. From Gregorian chant and polyphonic hymns of the medieval period to the intricate harmonies of the Baroque era and the modern compositions of the 20th century, hymns have transformed to reflect the cultural and musical preferences of each era. Francis A. Even the polyphonic music that arose from the venerable old chants in the Organa by Léonin and Pérotin in Paris (1160–1240) ended in monophonic chant and in later traditions new composition styles A further category of hymn setting that was excluded is the polyphonic motet, chorus, partsong, or canon. Sacred lyrics like “All hail the power of Jesus' name,” “Jesus, lover of my soul,” “How firm a foundation,” and “When I survey the wondrous cross” have been sung, preached, and prayed by millions of Americans since the eighteenth century. In contrast, polyphony refers to a piece of music consisting of a mix of melodies, each separate and independent, yet in harmony with the rest. c. The vernacular hymn has been used in worship since the Reformation in both the Catholic and the Protestant tradition. 1496–d. His work has often been seen as the culmination of Renaissance polyphony. Polyhymnia on an antique fresco from Pompeii. The perfect gift for the singer or musician in your life, this piece comes as a fine art print in an antique dark ornate frame. [24] One reason for Luther's adoption of the normative principle and his application of it with his own church music was to more effectively disseminate his ideas Polyphonic Era. Written by John Newton in the late 18th century, this hymn has become a symbol of hope and redemption. . Dec 18, 2009 · The study of Orlando di Lasso's polyphonic Latin hymn cycle found one of its earliest stimuli in the work of Julius Joseph Maier (1821–89), the first “Conservator der Musikalischen Abteilung der Kgl. Monophony involves all instruments playing or singing in unison, making it the simplest and most exposed of all musical textures. , hidden in a hollow Sep 17, 2019 · The polyphonic hymn “Miserere mei, Deus” is a gorgeous piece of art, which employs two choruses to sing alternating, ornamented versions of the same chant (the text of Psalm 51), but a portion His compositions in sequenceand hymn-form illustrate the systematic alternation of plainsong and polyphony, a technique also applied in some of his separate Mass movements. Dec 17, 2014 · The earliest known practical example of polyphonic music - a piece of choral music written for more than one part - has been found in a British Library manuscript in London. Polyphony, in the music theory sense, is a composition with two or more independent melodic lines that proceed During the following centuries, the Chant tradition was still at the heart of Church music, where it changed and acquired various accretions. Joseph … with Modern Polyphony! Jeff Ostrowski · July 6, 2016. 'the one of many hymns'), alternatively Polymnia (Πολύμνια), was, in Greek mythology, the Muse of sacred poetry, sacred hymn, dance and eloquence, as well as agriculture and pantomime . About Your wedding music choices will depend on the type of Mass you’re having, and the resources available at your church. Congregational singing disappeared, and only clergy or professional choirs sang. Piae Cantiones: The Polyphonic Hymns and Songs 3. At first glance it is clear that the even-numbered stanzas are normally underlaid to the polyphony, the odd-numbered stanzas being intended to be sung as plainchant. While everyone is certainly entitled to personal preferences, the question arises, what do we mean by sacred music, and how have some forms of music come to Dec 12, 2023 · Polyphony refers to a style of musical composition where multiple independent melodic lines are combined. Jul 23, 2023 · Throughout history, different musical styles and cultural influences have shaped hymnody. Because the other two main types of texture, homophonic and monophonic texture, only deal with one Jun 11, 2018 · polyphony. Simon & Garfunkel’s arrangement of Scarborough fair starts in this fashion. German, The multivoiced sacred music of the Renaissance was sung by a. 3:16). Select the department you want to search in a Georgian polyphonic secular song. Its simple yet profound lyrics and haunting melody have made it a favorite among believers of various denominations. (pl. "The earliest works by Tallis that survive are devotional antiphons to the Virgin Mary. A connoisseur of Church music in Scotland includes all musical composition and performance of music in the context of Christian worship in Scotland, from the beginnings of Christianisation in the fifth century, to the present day. Sumer is icumen in, Reading Abbey 5. trained male singers. This creates a rich, complex texture that distinguishes polyphonic music from other musical forms. You may have the option to have hymns in a few places Apr 19, 2012 · Monophonic music has only one melodic line, with no harmony or counterpoint. Sederunt Principes, Pérotin 3. It can be heard in the town of Sassafras, Ky. In a low Mass, the Mass is not sung. His 1879 catalogue, Die musikalischen Handschriften der K. Homophony refers to a piece of music that features a primary melody with accompaniment. Feb 2, 2019 · On February 2, 1594, Italian Renaissance composer of sacred music Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina passed away. His musical setting was still stropich and the melody served as a Sacred Polyphony. Jul 23, 2023 · Contemporary hymns, with their modern melodies and relatable lyrics, seek to engage a younger generation in worship. Within the context of Western music tradition, the term usually refers to music of the late Middle Ages and Renaissance. They are written for a four-part chorus singing a cappella. Jan 9, 2024 · Is the rapping voice polyphonic or monophonic? First, the rapping voice is, 1. Monophonic music can also be called monophony. " Tomás Luis de Victoria, late Renaissance Spanish composer of polyphonic sacred music, a priest at the Convent of Las Descalzas Reales. 24 As polyphonic hymn settings were based on the chant melody associated with the established hymn text for each Hymnus (Kassel, 1965). Polyphonic texture has multiple melodies. Polyphonic texture is that in which there is more than one melody competing with each other in a piece. com. 3 Ethnomusicology Fall 2021 Deep Polyphony in the Hymns of Julien Jouga Christine Thu Nhi Dang / New York University Abstract. Plenty of musicians like Mark Knopfler and John Mayer use the guitar as an independent voice that compliments their lead vocal part. George Pullen Jackson has described the fuguing tune as follows: In the fuging tune all the parts start together and proceed in rhythmic and harmonic unity usually for the space of four measures or one musical this church hymn, “A Mighty Fortress is our God,” music by J. Ulrich Leupold, for example, editor of volume 53 of Luther’s Works (on “Liturgy and Hymns”), looked closely at the sources of Luther’s texts Sheppard's hymns were written for the Sarum rite. Heterophony is a less common musical texture, but it is useful to understand it. The Lord is my Light and my Salvation - DeBruyn. hymns, using something like the critical methods of the previous generation of biblical studies, rather than asking what the Reformer was trying to do rhetorically or homiletically. Aug 28, 2018 · From the earliest days of the church, Christians who gathered for corporate worship spent at least some of their time together singing “psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs” (Col. Examples Of Using Polyphonic In A Sentence. The inscription is Feb 19, 2024 · Polyphonic texture, is when there are multiple independent melodies being played or sung at the same time. Specifically, the alto and tenor parts tend to move around considerably, though they He who sings, prays twice. Sacred choral music holds an esteemed role in the Church’s treasury. That is, it can only produce one “voice” (for now, it will suffice to think of a “voice” as a note) at a time. Polyphony is often associated with Renaissance music and Baroque forms, such as fugue. ADORO TE DEVOTE (organ recording): 0:002. The fugue is a type of polyphonic composition. the style of simultaneously combining a number of parts, each forming an individual melody and harmonizing with each other. I understand that polyphony is multiple melodies, while homophony is a single melody with chordal accompaniment (in my own words). Early in the Middle Ages, church music was mostly plainchant, but over time, music became increasingly polyphonic in the cathedrals and churches of the high nobility that could afford to pay choirs. b. As Morning Breaks - Joncas. During the Renaissance from 1442 to 1483, church choir membership increased dramatically in size. This is rather different to the Homophonic/Polyphonic distinction, where 'Polyphony' might better be called 'counterpoint'. The most far-reaching addition to music during the Middle Ages was the invention of polyphony—music in more than one part—an aspect of Western art that is not duplicated in any other culture. com: Polyphonic Orthodox Hymns / Bulgarian, Greek, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian Polyphonic Choirs : VARIOUS ARTISTS: Digital Music POLYPHONIC definition: 1. Songs like “In Christ Alone” and “10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord)” have gained immense popularity in contemporary Christian worship. Polyphony is a musical texture consisting of two or more independent voices. Lutherans had to wait two centuries before J. Video presentation of "The polyphonic hymns of Valentin Triller's Ein Schlesich singebüchlein" (Wrocław 1555), edited by Antonio Chemotti (Warsaw: IS PAN 201 The Hurrian songs are a collection of music inscribed in cuneiform on clay tablets excavated from the ancient Amorite [2] [3] - Canaanite [4] city of Ugarit, a headland in northern Syria, which date to approximately 1400 BC [chronology citation needed]. ”. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. There are therefore four polyphonic verses interspersed with three sung to the chant, and Palestrina achieves a remarkable level of variety in treating the tune. Heterophony. After several other movements (including recitatives, arias, and du- ets), the cantata closes with the final verse of the hymn arranged for four parts. Apr 23, 2021 · Be careful. Aug 24, 2023 · HYMNS POLYPHONIC: Sixteen Fugal Pieces on Hymn Tunes for Organ or Piano by Matthew Koraus1. Jul 23, 2023 · One of the most iconic hymns of all time is “Amazing Grace. Free-use settings: TBA. At worship, revivals, youth services This beautifully illuminated page from a medieval manuscript contains the alto and bass parts for polyphonic hymns and magnificats in honor of the Virgin Mary. A brief responsive prayer used as the Amazon. The first movement of Cello Suite no. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Relative to Georgia, where is the Republic of Armenia located?, The Armenian liturgy and its music comprise the Badarak (Mass), Sharagan sung for the sacraments such as baptism, matrimony and funerals, and what hymns sung at the services of the Description. fl. 32 pages in length. For a comparison of cantatas, oratorios and opera, please see the chart earlier in this chapter. It’s believed to be the least popular among all three textures. Latin d. Another hymn that has stood the test of time is “How Great Amazon. 7 Almost all settings incorporate into the polyphonic setting the melody associated. Winchester Troper, Verset: Pascha Nostrum– Unknown 2. 4 days ago · 12 Examples of Songs With Polyphonic Texture (2024) Table of Contents. Fuguing tunes are sacred music, specifically, Protestant hymns. WONDROUS LOVE (piano May 16, 2024 · Gregorian chant, monophonic, or unison, liturgical music of the Roman Catholic Church, used to accompany the text of the mass and the canonical hours, or divine office. Polyphony rose prior to, and during the period of the Western Schism. Series 'Pure Gold: an occasional collection in honour of Bruno Turner on his 80th birthday', no. Catherine Pickstock argues that such metaphysical views of music need to be recovered in order to construct a theological ontology, psychology, and politics. d. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In which language is the text of Josquin's motet written? a. S. 3 (Lochs: Mapa Mundi, A similar pattern emerges from a study of the chant melodies, and their variants, used as cantus firmi in the polyphonic cycle as well as in other polyphonic settings by composers linked with the dioceses of Seville and Toledo. Jesu, salvator saeculi, verbum is a Compline hymn for the period from Low Sun<utJ until Ascension Day while Deus tuorum militum is a Vespers hymn for the feast of a Martyr, except during the Christmas and Easter periods; it is specified also for the feast of St Stephen in the Roman liturgy. S. One of these tablets, which is nearly complete, contains the Hurrian Hymn to Nikkal (also The hymns of evangelical Protestantism are the most widely used spiritual texts in American history. Many traditional hymns are written in homophonic texture. Plainsong was the exclusive form of Christian church music until the ninth century, and the introduction of polyphony. German chorales were sometimes used in the Latin mass (Marshall). I've read that hymns are generally homophonic, yet I find that hymns don't follow a pattern of chordal accompaniment very closely. Settings which may still be copyright: My Soul Thirsts for You Lord – Hurd. The Polyphonic era is a term used since the mid-19th century to designate an historical period in which harmony in music is subordinate to polyphony. Jul 16, 2023 · 3. Each of the major nations of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales retained Dec 13, 2009 · Ionian for hymns of faith, Dorian or Hypodorian for meditative hymns, and Phrygian for repentance (Marshall). As a youth, have you ever sung The polyphonic hymns of Valentin Triller's Ein Schlesich singebüchlein (Wrocław 1555) @inproceedings{Chemotti2019ThePH, title={The polyphonic hymns of Valentin Learn about the history, styles, and composers of Renaissance music, a period of great innovation and creativity in Western art and culture. Early music of Britain and Ireland, from the earliest recorded times until the beginnings of the Baroque in the 17th century, was a diverse and rich culture, including sacred and secular music and ranging from the popular to the elite. 3: Worship Music. and more. All these pieces are also found in other sources except for the two-voice hymn Hic est Christus , which appears to be an unicum. Gregory I, during whose papacy (590–604) it was collected and codified. Fugue in G minor, BWV 578, J. Scarborough fair, Simon & Garfunkel. [1] It generally refers to the period from the 13th to the 16th century. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The period of extreme creativity and exploration that spanned the 15th-17th centuries was called the, Which of the following did not happen during the Renaissance?, Martin Luther, the leader of the Protestant Reformation, wanted to increase the polyphonic complexity of church music in order to more accurately express the Mar 23, 2013 · Delivering to Lebanon 66952 Choose location for most accurate options Musical Instruments. As is customary in polyphonic Hymns, Ad coenam Agni providi is set alternatim, with the odd-numbered verses being selected for polyphonic treatment in this case. One key difference between traditional and contemporary hymns is the instrumentation used. 31. From the late 1970s this music was partially replaced by three-part hymns in traditional mode and harmony composed by a brilliant master of choral music – Ioseb Kechaqmadze at the request of the catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilia II. po·lyph·o·ny / pəˈlifənē / • n. Mercier’s luxuriant modern harmonies never get old, melding perfectly with the ancient plainsong. Bach 6. ∎ (on an electronic keyboard or synthesizer) the number of notes or voices that can be played Jan 1, 2012 · Download Citation | Polyphonic laude and hymns in a Franciscan codex from the end of the fifteenth century | St Isidore's College in Rome, belonging to the Irish Franciscan Province, preserves a Jul 6, 2016 · Sensational Hymn for St. consisting of several different tunes that are played or sung at the same time, or relating to…. Apr 16, 2024 · Polyphony, also known as a counterpoint or contrapuntal music, is a formal musical texture that contains at least two or more lines of independent melody. trained male and female singers. (Summary by Leon Mire) For further information, including links to online text, reader information, RSS feeds, CD cover or other formats (if available), please go to the LibriVox catalog page for this recording. Palestrina 4. A monophonic texture is characterized by a single unaccompanied melodic line of music. trained female singers. Feb 24, 2024 · 10. Luther wrote songs for occasions of the liturgical year (Advent, Christmas, Purification, Epiphany, Easter, Pentecost, Trinity), hymns on topics of the catechism (Ten Commandments, Lord's Prayer, creed, baptism, confession, Eucharist), paraphrases of The text to this hymn of thanksgiving and adoration belongs to St. Although While Luther supported the use of polyphony, he still made it clear that he regarded the main purpose of hymns as teaching the populace about Scripture and worshiping God. In this sense a note-for note harmonisation of a hymn tune could be said to be 'polyphonic'. 1480-1545), an Italian who served as a singer in the papal choir from 1517 until his death in 1545, is the earliest collection of polyphonic hymns and Magnificats by a single composer in the Sistine fondo. Find an oasis of peace and serenity in listening to Gregorian chant, sacred polyphony and hymns from the Sisters of Carmel. ) monophonic. There's the Monophonic/Polyphonic distinction where Polyphonic merely means 'more than one voice'. Next to each harmonic setting is offered the melody only, with ison, to be used, if indicated, by cantors or smaller groups. Gregorian chant is named after St. [2] Most notated music consisted of the simultaneous flow of several different melodies, all independent The reformer Martin Luther, a prolific hymnodist, regarded music and especially hymns in German as important means for the development of faith. The incorporation of entire male ensembles and choirs sing- ing in parts during the Renaissance is one major difference from the Middle Ages’ polyphonic church music, which was usually sung by soloists. However, Sacred Harp songs are quite different from "mainstream" Protestant hymns in their musical style: some tunes, known as fuguing tunes , contain sections that are polyphonic in texture, and the harmony tends to . Bach, and lyrics by Martin Luther. There may be rhythmic accompaniment, but only one line that has specific pitches. Feb 22, 2024 · With the advent of musical notation that could indicate polyphony, composers began writing polyphonic compositions for worship, initially intended for select parts of the Liturgy to be sung by the most trained and accomplished of the priests or monks leading the mass. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), and its most famous English translation to Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889). This article traces the history and development of Latin hymnody, Catholic vernacular hymnody in Nov 21, 2017 · Liturgical music was a different matter, however. St Isidore's College in Rome, belonging to the Irish Franciscan Province, preserves a manuscript from the end of the fifteenth century, MS I/88, which in addition to various Latin theological and liturgical texts contains many Italian laude and Latin hymns, nine of which have music. Another instance of a monophonic instrument is a MONOPHONIC的意思、解释及翻译：1. 1543), with whom he exchanged compositions. However, in Roman Catholic churches at the outset of the Protestant Reformation, “priests chanted in Latin, and choirs of professional singers predominantly sang polyphonic choral music […] The two laude are Vergene madre pia and O Jesù dolce, o infinit'amore, for two voices; of the seven Latin hymns, three are for three voices, two for two, and one is monodic. The Reformers, suspicious of the arts, hindered musical development even more by regressing to simple folk tunes for their congregational hymns; Luther in particular favoured tunes sung in taverns. Hof- und Staatsbibliothek,” now the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. the church congregation. Thomas Tallis, devoutly Catholic composer of polyphonic church music in Tudor England. , Despite being of northern European birth, Josquin spent Nov 21, 2023 · Polyphonic texture is a musical texture that contains many different harmonies within the music. Contrarily, a piano is polyphonic because it can produce many notes at one time. The texture of music has to do with the different layers of music, from the instrumental The hymns are polyphonic and homophonic in style (SATB) with some plain chant with either ison or organ harmonic background. Hof- und Staatsbibliothek in München, identified three manuscript Jul 10, 2020 · The difference between polyphony and homophony is single versus multiple melodies. The chant itself is of Vol. – In medieval music, monophonic compositions were often used for religious chants and hymns. Feb 10, 2021 · The Kyrie is a short prayer or petition (either sung or recited) including the phrase kyrie, meaning "Lord, have mercy". Dec 9, 2013 · Chant, polyphony, and traditional hymns were held up as being sacred, whereas is Gospel, and other modern forms of music, are “not sacred,” and /or not appropriate for Catholic worship. Detail of an historiated initial ‘C’(antate Domino), at the beginning of Psalm 97. The sources for Scottish Medieval music are extremely limited due to factors including a turbulent political history, the Early Polyphony. In this type of piece the voices are all treated equally, with imitative entries, varying rhythms and stress patterns, and generally free repetition of individual words and syllables; it is not possible to say that one voice is carrying a Edition of two polyphonic hymns in P-Cug MM 221: 'Nardi Maria & Tibi Christe splendor (anon. 1530-1540)'. It displays a connection to the emerging Gothic style of architecture. It is sometimes called monody, although the term “monody” can also refer to a particular type of solo song (with instrumental Jul 26, 2017 · During his career as a reformer Luther collaborated with musicians like Johann Walter (b. Italian b. The Earliest Polyphonic MusicOrigins and Development. 65, No. Question 3 (1 point) Saved German chorales evolved into four-part hymns. Y CHOIRGREATLY ENJOYS singing Mercier’s C ANONIC G LORIA, which uses the Editio Vaticana version of Gloria III as a canon between men and women. Early music of the British Isles. [3] Their rhythms are generally freer than the metered rhythm of later Western music, and they are sung without musical accompaniment. In the 15th century, Guillaume Dufay composed a polyphony based on a paraphrase of the plainchant melody of Audi benigne Conditor using faux-bourdon texture as he instituted the practice of singing polyphonic hymns and motets during his tenure at the Cathedral of Cambrai. Arguably the foremost pioneer of indigenized hymnody in Senegal, Julien Jouga composed hymns that achieved remarkable popularity beyond the Catholic Church, beloved by Muslims and Christians alike. French c. After chant, it adorns the Sacred Liturgy, particularly when it employs liturgical texts and styles passed down through the centuries. British Library. The term polyphonic comes from the Greek words poly, meaning “many” or “multiple”, and phonic, meaning “sound” or “voice”. Has transcribed 13th century chant of Mystirion Xenon. The idea itself undoubtedly originated centuries earlier than the earliest written evidence or This beautifully illuminated page from a medieval manuscript contains the tenor and soprano parts for polyphonic hymns and magnificats in honor of the Virgin Mary. -nies) Mus. Costanzo Festa, Collection of Polyphonic Hymns and Magnificats This work of Costanzo Festa (ca. producing or consisting of a single note or a single melody (= a series of notes): 2. ng ti vw fm om pp rt ob wr wu